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Don't Mask the Environment: Observation Supervision Changes How Agents Explore Under RL

The paper introduces ActObs, a method that supervises observation tokens in addition to action tokens during supervised fine-tuning for reinforcement learning. While standard approaches only focus on action tokens, ActObs also predicts observations, leading to better performance in subsequent reinforcement learning tasks. On Qwen3-4B and Qwen3-8B models, ActObs achieves higher pass@k scores and solves more tasks compared to action-only training, with benefits extending to cross-domain code editing. The method maintains more entropy during reinforcement learning and requires less policy movement, keeping the final policy closer to its initial state.

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PublishedSeptember 17, 2026Juzheng Zhang, Disha Makhija, Manoj Ghuhan Arivazhagan
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WHY IT MAY MATTER

This method improves reinforcement learning by jointly supervising actions and observations, leading to better task performance and more efficient policy exploration.

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